PAPA MODEL - Information Technology - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1378 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Technology Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? PAPA Model: Today, the massive use of computer science information technology in the business world and other intuitions has brought many ethical issues and concern. Mason introduced four most crucial ethical issues of the information era on 1986: which are Privacy, accuracy, property and accessibility abbreviated to PAPA. Masonà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s PAPA model focused on the individual impairment which could arise from the unethical or misuse of information and information technology. Based on the Framework developed by Mason we can analyse and reach the conclusion on ethical issues emerged by the unethical use of information technology. PAPA model enlightens depth knowledge on what the Privacy, accuracy, property and accuracy means, how they are interrelated, what are their differences and how they help us to reach the conclusion on ethical issues. Privacy: In general understanding, privacy means the right to be free from secret scrutiny and to determine whethe r, when, how and to whom, oneà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s personal or organisational information is to be revealed. The privacy Act 1988 regulates how personal information is handled. The Privacy Act defines personal information as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦information or an opinion, whether true or not, and whether recorded in a material form or not, about an identified individual, or an individual who us reasonably identifiable. There are two main factors which threaten our privacy today, firstly growth of information technology with its capacity of scrutiny, communication, computing, retrieval and storage, and secondly the increased value of information in decision making. Accuracy: It is the condition or quality of being true, correct or exact; free from error or defect. Inaccuracy may cause detracting situation on personà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s life, organisations and business values. Here arises some question: who should be responsible for accuracy and authenticity of collected information? How can one believe that the data will be correctly inputted, processed properly and presented to users? On what basis should we believe bugs in database or system and processing are not done with intention and occurred accidently. Who takes the responsibility for glitch in information and how the victim will be reimbursed. Property: Property issues are concentrated on ownership and value of information. It also seeks the answer of few questions like, who is the owner of the information. What is the value of the exchange, and in which way the access to information or the recourses should be allocated? Here property means the intellectual property and its right. Once the intellectual property is provided somewhere or transmitted, it is complicated to keep the person as it becomes communicable and more difficult to be reimbursed. Accessibility: its issues are concerned on who has the permission to access the information, who holds the rights or keys to access it, what data an indivi dual or organisations are privileged to acquire with which safeguards and under what terms and conditions? After going through the scenario provided and from my own research I consider, all four areas have given rise to ethical issues for Joseph where some have higher level of the issue whereas other has a low level effect. Most importantly it gives rise to privacy issues followed by others. Privacy issues: Josephà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s personal or we can say the very confidential information was compromised which could lead to very disastrous consequences, identity theft makes life miserable. If Joseph had given attention on lectureà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s warning to them to be careful and vigilant while providing personal information to companies over the internet, he might be on safe side but rather he thought him old-fashioned and never thought some issues may arise while providing information to a company like Sony. How can one decide on whom to trust? How much information can one give to others? Accuracy Issues: Being the customer of Sony Joseph had right to get accurate and timely information, to whom he had provided his personal information to credit card details with trust. Accurate information of personal information and credit card details being hacked was provided only after a whole week of the incident following by other misleading and fake information. Though, the hackers couldnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t do any misuse of data they might have destroyed everything in a week time customers could take precaution to Property Issues: When Joseph could not restore the backup file it gives rise to property issues. He bought games from Sony he collected trophies but did he really own that? Did Sony own the data that customers provided? Sonyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s data breach is one of the biggest data breach to date which has given rise to various concerns in the Sonyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s privacy policy and security measures. Though, other issues also marked a q uestion to Sonyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s management especially it has fueled to Privacy concern. When an organisation gathers personal information of its customers, employees and other stakeholders they must assure the safety and security of those. Breach of personal information can be proved very dangerous and it has been proved in many cases, for example, Jessicaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Story of the mail scam. The main issue and the question arise to Sony is where they really serious on Privacy issues, had they meet all the privacy measures and followed the protocol. If they had done so how someone could hack and enter into their system. Breach of over 77million accounts including all the personal details and credit card of the customer was not a small issue. This issue gave a big question mark to Sony. The management took a whole week to inform its customer of the actual reason for shutdown of its network, which is questionable. If a breach does occur, effective handling of the response is a key.This means planning and preparing for such an event in advance. A policy should be drawn up, under which it is suggested that prompt notification is made to both the customers and the regulators. All staff should have data protection training appropriate to their role, and appropriate compensation, support and remedial plans should be prepared. Though it was Sony violated the privacy of its customer Appropriate technical and organisational measures shall be taken against unauthorised or unlawful processing of personal data and against accidental loss or destruction of, or damage to, personal data. I find some statements made by Privacy commissioner Timothy Pilgrim questionable. He stated that Sony did have a case to answer as they did not intentionally disclose any confidential information is not surprising, simply put Australia has no real commercial Privacy or security legislation for Sony to breach. The fact that Sony did not show a duty of care and/or displayed a comple te lack regard for the personal information entrusted to them by their clients is completely ignored by the commissioner. Sonys duty of care is to maintain appropriate IT security systems, policies and procedures to maintain client data confidential, private and available whether at rest, in transit or in a process. It is obvious that they did not take these duties of care obligations seriously until that proverbial substance hit the fan. Statement by Pilgrim à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Sony has now extra security measures to strengthen protection around the network platformsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  highlights its historical disregard for client confidentiality in their corporate culture and I do not think that any Australian Government officials should comment and try to forgive such obvious laissez-faire behaviour. Can he answer us, what reasonable steps Sony took to protect individualà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s credentials? Now, they actually created a CSO role. They didnt have this before? What fines were h anded down for this breach? How can he show that legislation protects individualà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s information to overseas organisations? I opened this investigation because I was concerned that Australians personal information may have been compromised, Pilgrim said. However, his concerns were unfounded, with Pilgrim finding that the company hadnt breached the Act. Seriously, just why does Sony Corporation require our full date of birth? Year only should be adequate to verify a customer is over 18 probe further only if the year reveals someone turning 18 that year. As such, Sony should be 100% liable for any loss plus damages for emotional distress to any customer, their spouse and immediate family, in respect of any customer who has their identity was stolen and fraud committed. And also it has to be made clear that whether it identified a culprit in the intrusion. Guilty must be punished. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "PAPA MODEL Information Technology" essay for you Create order

Computer Crime And Its Effect On Society - 932 Words

Computer crime has been an issue since the 1970s. Computer crimes have been categorized in two ways. First is a physical activity in which criminals steal computers. Second is that in which criminals commit crimes using computers. The recent development of the Internet has created a substantial increase in criminals commit crimes using computers. Thus, an emerging area of criminal behavior is cyber crime. Computer crimes mostly affect to a lot of areas of the society. When we work with computers it is on us, to know about computer crime, how does it happen and how to prevent it. New technologies are often used by developed and developing countries to do their day to day transactions, both private and government sector often use the†¦show more content†¦Phishing - Deceiving individuals to gain private or personal information about that person. There is an endless list of possible crimes that can occur through the use of the Internet. For example, the Internet can be a medium used for committing hate crimes, pornography, consumer fraud, stalking, terrorism, theft of security or trade secrets, software piracy, economic espionage, and financial institution fraud. The threat of computer crime is underlined by the fact that a security organization such as the Federal Bureau of Investigation was forced to temporarily take down its Internet site in 1991 after an attack by hackers. Companies have been equally vulnerable and have incurred millions of dollars in damage due to the effect of certain viruses. On other side knowledge of crime helps us to develop software to fight against computer crime. It does help us to develop anti-virus software which not only helps us to stay protected from computer crime but also help us to track the source of computer crime. Intelligence agencies are using this knowledge to avoid any threat to the nation and implementing this knowledge to develop new defense technique. There are two main methods that can be used to manage the growth of cyber-crime. The first is to ensure that the law is sufficiently strong to act as a deterrent to potential criminals. However, the law cannot prevent crimes taking place; it can only deal with what has already happened. The second isShow MoreRelatedEthical Issue1171 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Today’s world computer crimes are internet related, and in this area carrying out law barriers are either not well defined or most of the countries they don’t have arraign cyber crime laws. Those laws deliver the absence of the safe, the only substitute is protection against apparent warning exists is to develop ones own, depend on constitutional protection, a big range, and ethics to reduce constitutional entrance. 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Moreover, it focuses on the changes that have been made to fight the rise of cybercrimes. With the advances in technology allowing society to stay interconnected online, criminals, both who is not an expert and experienced, have taken advantage of growing opportunities. By taking into consideration the dangers on this issue, it is important to take action and provide solutionsRead MoreCyberCrime Essay704 Words   |  3 Pages Computers have improved a great deal from the time that they were invented to the present. They have even improved a great deal from year to year. This may be positive, but then again it has a negative effect on society. The use and advancement of technology has increased different types of crimes like the following; terrorism, black marketing, and theft crimes. It is also responsible for the success of their respective criminal assets. These technologies related crimes are described byRead MoreThe Social Problem Of Crime978 Words   |  4 Pagesthe social problem computer crime, but more specifically identity theft. In this paper, I analyzed six different articles from various sources. I chose cyber crime as my topic because I have an interest in computers and coding. I also like to watch documentaries and a television show on cybercrime scene investigations. Analyzing articles on this topic will help me develop further knowledge on this topic and how it is considered a social problem in our society. Computer crime refers to any violationRead MoreCyber Criminals: Cyber-Crime and Cyberstalking Essay1422 Words   |  6 PagesThere is an area in people’s lives that is not heavily inspected for weaknesses, however. Computers offer criminals a wide range of crimes with smaller risk and no physical harm. These crimes have a huge impact on society because of the end results. Hackers can cause companies thousands or millions of dollars, as well as targeting individual people. On a different level, stalkers can leave long term effects on their targets and get away with it effortlessly. Additionally, identity theft is causing

Extracurricular Activities Essay Example For Students

Extracurricular Activities Essay Extracurricular Activities Research was performed on the claim of fact that students involved in extracurricular activities receive higher grades than those not involved in activities. This topic was studied because high school budgets are meager, and the administrations of these schools want to spend the money efficiently. Consequently, funding for extracurricular activities may be decreased. This report examines the correlation between extracurricular activities and academic performance. Scope The scope of the investigation only includes high school students and the relationship between their involvement in activities and their academic performance. Some collegiate level studies were used since the benefits of extracurricular activities in high school and college are the same. Methods Three experts in different fields that have knowledge of this area of research were interviewed. Laura Bestler, assistant director of student activities at the Iowa State University Student Activities Center, was interviewed since she is an expert on the activities that take place on the Iowa State campus and the benefits students attain by becoming involved in activities. Matt Craft, president of the Government of the Student Body at Iowa State University, was also interviewed because the Government of the Student Body, or GSB, supports and funds many campus activities. The intention of this component of the research was to discover why the GSB finds extracurricular activities so beneficial that they choose to financially support them. Erin Fowkes, a high school counselor at Battle Creek-Ida Grove High School in Ida Grove, Iowa, was interviewed to obtain information as to why it is important for students to participate in activ. . do involved students get better grades? Does it matter what type of activity the student is in? Why are clubs and organizations funded by the university? How are activities a vital component of a well-rounded education? Works Cited Berson, Judith S. (1996, March). Stuent Perceptions of the Intercollegiate Athletic Program at a Community College. Paper Presented at the Annual Convention for the National Association of Student Personnel Administrators, Atlanta, GA. ERIC Document ED404607. Bestler, Laura. Telephone Interview. 11 Oct. 1999. Craft, Matthew. Telephone Interview. 11 Oct. 1999. Fowkes, Erin. Telephone Interview. 11 Oct. 1999. Rombokas, Mary. (1995, October). High School Extracurricular Activities and College Grades. Paper Presented at the Southeastern Conference of Counseling Personnel, Jekyll Island, GA. ERIC Document ED391134.

Sociology Cultural Globalization

Question: Discuss about theSociologyfor Cultural Globalization. Answer: Introduction Globalization is an important method of communication and integration between the general population, business associations, and administrations of various countries. Along with this, the globalization is a lone procedure that has wide impact on the way of life, environment, culture, financial advancement, political frameworks, and thriving of countries around the globe. Moreover, this research essay is helpful to demonstrate that cultural globalization plays a major role to lead to increased interconnectedness of societies food, fashion, and/or music. Cultural Globalization Lead To Increased Interconnectedness of Societies The expression Globalization alludes as the rising association of the general population of world. It connects with the joining of advances, economies, legislative issues, and societies of countries. Alongside this, globalization is also communicated as the enhanced development of individuals, information products, cash and thoughts athwart national limits that have prompted the broadened interconnectedness among the globe (Nwegbu, Eze Asogwa, 2011). In addition to this, globalization is essentially an indication of financial terms; however it additionally includes other significant parts, for example, legislative issues, financial matters, and societies that are connected to the possibility of monetary. As a consequence, globalization additionally majorly affects the social zone of countries or social orders. On the other hand, cultural globalization is a procedure that assumes a noteworthy part to transmit the qualities, implications, and thoughts all around the globe so as to amplify and fortify social relations in a successful way. In addition, social globalization alludes as the normal utilization of societies that has been stretched out with the assistance of pop culture media, Internet, and intercontinental travel. As such, it additionally can be said that, social globalization is the fast development of qualities, thoughts, and states of mind athwart national outskirts (Marginson Van der Wende, 2007). Notwithstanding this, cultural globalization involves the spread of business thoughts, human expressions, dialect, and innovation; and accordingly the effect of social globalization is experienced by every individual on the planet. Along with this, the sharing of thoughts and values typically prompts expanded interconnectedness as well as collaboration between people groups of various societies and lifestyles. At the end of the day, it also can be said that, that social globalization prompts developed interconnectedness of nourishment, form as well as music of social orders. Aside from this, cultural globalization is the augmented interconnectedness of all people groups of social orders. It is a direct result of with the assistance of social globalization; individuals get to be ready to share their thoughts, qualities, and suppositions in a simple and fast way (Buchan, Grimalda, Wilson, Brewer, Fatas Foddy, 2009). Besides, expanded interconnectedness holds colossal planned for the advancement of economies and also social orders. In addition to this, cultural globalization prompts enhanced interconnectedness of social orders by associating the general population of various societies appropriately. Alongside this, the social measurement of globalization exhibits the effect of globalization on the work and in addition life of individuals, families and social orders. There are various social or social aspects for globalization far from the salary, vocation, social assurance, working measurements, et cetera (Benhabib, 1999). Besides, the possibility of social trustworthiness has been turns into a fantasy to be accomplished. Right now, the enhanced political and additionally monetary development of globalization has left the significant part of culture or society, i.e. individuals. In this circumstance, social globalization assumes a huge part keeping in mind the end goal to make a culture or society that will be founded on the possibility of the confidence of each person, balance and solidarity and the estimation s of human rights (Zrn, 2003). Along with this, the social part of globalization or social globalization has been affected the social structure of various social orders or culture profoundly. Besides, with the assistance of social globalization, each general public has ended up ready to utilize its own particular unmistakable culture as to the social standards, dialect, metro sense, profound quality, et cetera. Furthermore, a specific culture or society is taking after its living style without being impact by the way of life of others. Cultural globalization has been reached out and also increased social orders' systems, exercises, nourishment, design, music, and relations around the globe (Falk, 1999). Therefore, plainly social globalization has affected social domain of culture over the globe in a positive way. On the other hand, it should be noted down that, the social part of globalization has been gotten worldwide consideration as of late. It is direct results of worldwide pioneers were attempting to clear the way of life part of globalization in a suitable and an appropriate way. As indicated by the pioneers, the procedure of utilization stands for a union of worldwide and social procedures and now utilization has turned into the real essential of social orders. At the present time, a wide range of products and ventures as respects writing, music, silver screen, apparel, sustenance, extras thus on are accessible wherever on the planet (Mansbach Taylor, 2013). In addition to this, positive parts of social globalization lead assorted qualities in communications between various limits and societies. Also, there is outline on social thoughts that has been brought numerous remarkable parts of certain culture into consideration. Thus, the idea of globalization has gotten acknowledgment that will be useful with a specific end goal to enhance benchmarks of life and would not thwart the nearby conventions. Besides, differing qualities itself has gotten to be worldwide so as to advance social globalization in a viable and a more extensive way (Macionis Plummer, 2012). Along with this, globalization is alludes as the expanded interconnectedness and in addition reliance of various societies or social orders all around the globe. In addition, it is also genuine that, in current, it has been separated into the national limits as an outcome of improvement in cooperations, exchange and voyage (Miller, 2015). In this circumstance, social globalization has expanded interconnectedness among national social orders, mankind, selves, and the world arrangement of social orders in a compelling and a fitting way. At the end of the day, it also can be said that, social globalization is utilizing a noteworthy part in reconnecting the general population of reserved societies, social orders, and countries legitimately. In addition to this, Cultural globalization is the expanded interconnectedness and additionally reliance of various social orders all around the globe. Besides, because of, social globalization there is not a solitary country on the planet that can be considered as a different and also autonomous country. Alongside this, in light of the current social patterns, countries or social orders are obliged to grow profound conditions on each other by including financial matters and additionally social clients in a proper way (Hassi Storti, 2012). Moreover, societies or social orders are turning out to be more interconnected because of the social globalization. It is a result of social globalization has built up a shared conviction to every one of the way of life or social orders. In similar way, it ought to also be noted down that, these days, Cultural globalization has amplified the spread of acknowledged societies around the globe in a simple and an effective way. In addition, social globalization additionally assumed a fundamental part so as to associate individuals of various societies all around the world. It doesn't just concentrate on social term additionally consider financial and political terms with a specific end goal to expand interconnectedness between social orders (Bala N?drag, 2014). What's more, globalization additionally permits the generation of products and enterprises in everywhere throughout the world in inclination to a specific part of the world. It also attempts a considerable measure of endeavors to make all the created merchandise and enterprises open to the general population of various societies or social orders. Along with this, Cultural globalization expands the administrations of innovation development, exchange, and the world commercial centers. It also diminishes correspondence hindrances furthermore creates solid correspondence among various social orders, societies and/or countries. Besides, social globalization grants individuals to find open doors as well as flexibilities for their survival. It also uncovers impacts of various societies and permits individuals to become separately and in addition all around (Andersen Taylor, 2012). Along these lines, one might say that, globalization majorly affects the social region furthermore prompts broadened interconnectedness of social orders' nourishment, mold as well as music. Conclusion On the basis of the above discussion, it can be assumed that, cultural globalization has led to improved interconnectedness of the food, fashion, and/or music of societies. Moreover, it plays a significant role in order to connect the people of different cultures in an effective manner. Also, with the help of cultural globalization, people of different cultures become able to share their ideas as well as values within societies. In this way, cultural globalization provides great opportunities for the overall development of people and societies. References Andersen, M.L., Taylor, H.F. (2012). Sociology: The Essentials. USA: Cengage Learning. Bala, M., N?drag, L. (2014). A study of the term globalisation. Linguistic and Philosophical Investigations, (13), 641-649. Benhabib, S. (1999). Nous et les Autre the Politics of Complex Cultural Dialogue in a Global Civilization (pp. 44-62) Multicultural Questions Christian Joppke and Steven Lukes (ed.s) Oxford, Oxford University Press. Buchan, N. R., Grimalda, G., Wilson, R., Brewer, M., Fatas, E., Foddy, M. (2009). Globalization and human cooperation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 106(11), 4138-4142. Falk, R. (1999). Resisting Globalization-from-Above through Globalization-from Below (Ch 8 pp.127-136) Predatory Globalization: A Critique. Cambridge, Polity Press. Hassi, A., Storti, G. (2012). Globalization and Culture: The Three H Scenarios. INTECH Open Access Publisher. Macionis, J., Plummer, K. (2012). Sociology: A global introduction, 5th (ed.). United Kingdom: Pearson Education, Essex. Mansbach, R.W., Taylor, K. L. (2013). Introduction to Global Politics (pp.203). NY: Routledge. Marginson, S., Van der Wende, M. (2007). Globalisation and Higher Education. OECD Education Working Papers, No. 8. OECD Publishing (NJ1). Miller, J. R. (2015). The World and Bollywood: An Examination of the Globalization Paradigm. Anths, 7(1), 5. Nwegbu, M. U., Eze, C. C., Asogwa, B. E. (2011). Globalization of cultural heritage: Issues, impacts, and inevitable challenges for Nigeria. Zrn, M. (2003). Globalization and global governance: from societal to political denationalization. European review, 11(03), 341-364.